2,4 A secondary endogenous opiate response induced by Sensory TENS has been long theorized. The primary objective of the intervention is to produce maximal depolarization of A-beta sensory nerve fibers which activate the spinal gating mechanism described by Melzack and Wall. The relatively gentle nature of Sensory TENS is less likely to violate tissue healing constraints in acute conditions. Sensory TENS is indicated for the treatment of acute pain and is characterized by the perception of a strong tingling sensation that is below the patient’s motor and pain threshold. Clinically, the two most widely used TENS approaches are Sensory TENS (High Frequency TENS), and Motor TENS (Low Frequency TENS). Despite overall mixed results in the pain management literature, “TENS has been shown to be effective for osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain, all conditions with enhanced excitability and reduced inhibition.” 5 Conflicting evidence within the existing TENS literature has led to more focused research and analysis to evaluate key factors regarding the dose response relationship and best practices for pain management. 3,4 The existing TENS clinical literature demonstrates conflicting evidence, which both supports and questions the effectiveness of TENS as a therapeutic intervention to treat pain. For patients who are taking pain medication, the addition of properly dosed TENS to their pain management program can decrease their need for pain medication by 36% to 51%. TENS is an inexpensive non-pharmacological method of treating acute and chronic pain without adverse side effects. Most recently, over-the-counter (OTC) TENS devices have been made available to the general public in the retail marketplace. 1 Since then, TENS has become a common therapeutic intervention to reduce both acute and chronic pain. The trials demonstrated that a large percentage of patients reported effective pain relief with TENS and requested to continue using TENS rather than have a dorsal column stimulator surgically implanted into their spine. 1,2 Shealy used portable TENS devices to predict if patients with chronic pain would be good candidates for a surgically implanted dorsal column stimulator to manage their pain. Based on Melzak and Wall’s gate control theory of pain modulation that was introduced in 1965, Shealy began to develop a surgically implanted dorsal column stimulator to treat patients who were experiencing chronic recalcitrant pain. The clinical application of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), as we know it today, began in 1967 by American neurosurgeon Norman Shealy. Take a screenshot of your drawing to save it to your computer.(Photo above) Therapist applies electrical stimulation to the anterior-posterior shoulder to treat pain associated with adhesive capsulitis using a clinical line-powered device.īy Joseph A. How do I save my drawing on my computer or phone? A - Click the color square next to the pencil.Click/or tap to make a change to the colors and brush styles to achieve the artboard you are looking for. ![]() ![]() ![]() Increase brush size - Press the f key on your keyboardīelow is a description of each button in the drawing board menu above.Decrease brush size - Press the d key on your keyboard.When you're all done with your masterpiece, click "save" to download it as a picture. You can select from various brush styles and colors. Try creating a doodle on the Online Doodle Pad. Online Sketch Pad - Free Doodle Pad & Drawing Board
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